Van wie was Adèle de France (née en 1160)?

Aélis de France (ou Adélaïde, Alixou encore Adèle, née le 4 octobre 1160, † apr. janvier 1213), est la fille du roi Louis VII de France (1120-1180) et de sa deuxième épouse, Constance de Castille, qui meurt en accouchant de sa fille.

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard the Lionheart or Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Norman French: Quor de Lion) because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father.

By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France. Despite achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, he was ultimately forced to end his campaign without retaking Jerusalem.

Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan, and based on the testimony of Roger of Howden, most likely understood Middle English. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming duke of Aquitaine, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession to the crown of England, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death and viewed as a pious hero by his subjects, he was later perceived by historians as a ruler who treated the kingdom of England merely as a source of revenue for his armies rather than a land entrusted to his stewardship. This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic. Richard I is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.

Hendrik II van Engeland (Le Mans, 5 maart 1133 – Chinon, 6 juli 1189), ook Hendrik Plantagenet genoemd, was koning van Engeland, hertog van Normandië, graaf van Anjou, Maine, Touraine en Nantes. Via zijn vrouw Eleonora van Aquitanië was hij hertog van Aquitanië en Gascogne, en graaf van Poitou, van Auvergne en enkele kleinere graafschappen. Bovendien had hij veel macht in Ierland, Wales, Bretagne en Schotland. Het grote machtsgebied dat Hendrik had opgebouwd, wordt het Angevijnse Rijk genoemd. Behalve door de opbouw van dit feodale rijk wordt Hendrik vooral herinnerd wegens:

• het conflict met, en de moord op, zijn eerdere vriend Thomas Becket;
• zijn lange, gespannen verhouding met Lodewijk VII van Frankrijk, die formeel zijn leenheer was in Frankrijk;
• de (geromantiseerde) verhalen over zijn huwelijk en zijn kinderen (onder anderen Richard Leeuwenhart), en de soms gewapende conflicten met zijn kinderen en met zijn vrouw;
• het leggen van de basis voor het Engelse recht, en zijn (ongevraagde) impulsen voor modernisering van het bestuur en de wetgeving in Ierland, Schotland en Wales.

Hendrik was de eerste koning van het huis Plantagenet. De naam Plantagenet kwam van de bijnaam van zijn vader die de gewoonte had een bremtakje (Latijn: Planta genesta) op zijn hoed te dragen. Andere bijnamen waren Curtmantle (Frans: Court-manteau, korte mantel) en FitzEmpress (zoon van de keizerin).